Category: Exercise Physiology

  • Oxygen’s Journey: How Your Body Turns Air Into Energy

    Oxygen. The eighth element on the periodic table. The molecule that makes our planet unique. The one that powers life, fuels metabolism, and shapes evolution. We all know what oxygen is — but have you ever asked yourself why we need it? What does it actually do once it’s inside our bodies? In this short article, we’ll follow…

  • What Is Cardiac Output? A Doctor’s Breakdown of Your Heart’s Power

    If you’re a fitness junkie or in healthcare you’ve probably heard the term countless times before. But what does it really mean – and why is it so important? Cardiac output is the volume of blood your heart pumps out per minute. It is a direct reflection of how hard and how efficiently your heart…

  • Understanding VO₂ Max: What It Measures, Why It Matters, and How to Estimate It

    As physicians, we often emphasize the importance of routine labs and vital signs to assess cardiovascular health—but one of the most predictive and underutilized measures of long-term health risk is cardiorespiratory fitness, commonly quantified by VO₂ max. VO₂ max, or maximal oxygen consumption, represents the maximum capacity of an individual’s body to take in, transport, and utilize oxygen during strenuous exercise. It’s…

  • VO₂ Max: What It Really Tells Us About Your Heart, Lungs, and Longevity

    As a physician, I’m often asked about VO₂ max—especially by patients interested in optimizing athletic performance or tracking long-term health. The short answer: VO₂ max is one of the most powerful indicators we have of cardiovascular fitness and overall physiological resilience. It’s not just a number for elite athletes; it’s deeply relevant to your risk of disease and even mortality.…